白玉

入学时间：2001年

答辩时间：2004年

论文题目：城市平面道路交叉口交通协调设计理论问题研究

中文摘要

摘要

随着交通需求的剧增，城市交通阻塞问题加剧。为了缓解交通供需之间的矛盾，需要增加一个基于各类交通规理念。实践证明，面向实际问题的中间技术环节——交通设计。

交通设计的概念诞生于20世纪80年代，以交通工程学为基础对交通系统的时空资源进行最优化组合。交通设计无论在理论上还是其涉及的对象上，皆是非常复杂的，目前的研究成果均侧重于交通设计的方法和技术，因此交通设计理论还是一个需要继续探讨的问题。

本文首先考察了国内外关于城市道路设计方面的相关研究成果，对其设计流程、设计方法与技术进行综述，并在此基础上确定本文的研究内容；之后以整个交通系统为背景构筑了交通设计理论体系，体系的构筑从交通问题及成因剖析出发，分别提出了交通设计需求体系、方法体系及理论体系，并选择城市平面道路作为交通设计理论问题的解析对象；鉴于城市道路的瓶颈集中在节点，因此着重进行了节点交通设计理论问题的研究，在进行单节点交通设计理论问题研究之前首先建立了单节点交通设计理论体系结构。之后以节点通行能力最大化及通行能力匹配为设计实现目标。分别从宏观、中观、微观三个层面研究节点匹配问题、节点组合问题、节点时空整合问题，最后标定了节点设计的两个相关参数，交叉口停车线位置及分隔带宽度；最后，由于节点与节点间的关联是制约节点交通效益的关键，因此以两个节点构成的基本交叉口群为对象进行了多节点交通关联设计问题的探讨，重点针对两个问题进行研究，即交叉口间距规划问题及双节点通行能力匹配问题。

关键词：交通设计、平面道路节点、理论体系、组合、优化、匹配、时空资源、进口道间距

英文摘要

Abstract

As the increasing of the urban traffic demand, the traffic problems of city become more and more serious. By the practice of urban constrictions we can conclude that in order to lighten the conflict between traffic supply and demand, traffic design, which based on traffic planning and practice, should be added into the program of roadway construction.

The basic concept of Traffic Design came into being in 1980’s in China. Based on Traffic Engineer, traffic design optimized the combination of resource of timing and spacing. So it is very complex both in theory and target. Until now, the researches on Traffic Design were all found on the method and technology.

In this thesis, the results of urban roadway design in and out our countries are firstly described. Then, the newest research productions about traffic design are investigated to support this thesis. Secondly, based on the whole traffic system, this thesis construct the Traffic Design System which include the Demand System, Method System and Theory System for Traffic Design, and select the urban at-grate roadway as its target. Thirdly, for the traffic congress always occur at the intersections, this thesis place emphasis on the cross traffic design issues. In this research, we use the maximum and matching of intersection capacity as the optimization target to combine the timing and spacing resource of intersection. On the basis of that, this thesis gives the means to determine the location of stop line and the width of median. Finally, this thesis analysis the relationships between two intersections and discuss the design method of the roadway network. At last, the quantificational analysis of the access spacing and the capacity matching are given in this thesis.

Keyword: Traffic Design; At-grate Intersection; system info; Combine; Optimize; Matching; Timing and Spacing Resource; Access Spacing

周雪梅

入学时间：2001年

答辩时间：2004年

论文题目：先进的公共交通系统评价方法研究

中文摘要

摘 要

ITS的重要子系统之一的先进的公共交通系统（APTS）致力于发展创新的公共交通问题的解决策略，以提高调度的可靠性、运行效率、服务质量、减少出行时间、降低运行、训练和维护成本，并提高驾驶员和乘客的安全性。使公共交通更加可靠和方便，使公共交通成为更加具有吸引力的交通方式。由于中国城市的公共交通与其他国家的城市相比具有自身的特殊性（如中国城市混合交通、交通拥挤、安全、环境等状况的存在），而且APTS项目投资数额巨大，对社会、经济及环境也有影响，因此APTS评价方法的研究尤为重要也更为不同。先进的公共交通系统在提高运行效率的同时改变了公共交通的运行特性，有别于传统的公共交通系统，APTS的评价也与传统的公共交通系统的评价在评价方法等各方面有所不同。

本文首先在综合国内外对APTS定义的基础上，结合中国城市的特点确定APTS的定义、用户服务、系统构成及功能要求，评价过程和评价内容，并对国内外APTS的发展研究现状和评价研究现状进行了论述。

其次应用经济供应和供需平衡理论评价APTS的用户效益。通过大量的调查数据分析了公交服务水平对公交出行选择的影响，进行了APTS实施与城市规模和发展水平适应性分析。运用交通特性模型预测APTS的实施带来的公共交通出行比例的增加，从而运用用户增量评价APTS的用户效益。应用信息经济学和企业经济学理论，进行了企业成本分析。论述了信息技术所带来的企业成本相对收缩和最优边界相对扩张理论，并运用企业成本相对收缩理论评价APTS的企业效益。

然后进行了APTS换乘时间最短调度问题研究，根据分析模型，确定了调度实时控制策略。对APTS换乘时间最短实时调度所带来的乘客换乘时间节约效益进行了评价分析。最后以系统工程为基础理论，建立APTS的评价指标体系结构，运用模糊综合评价方法对APTS的综合效益进行了分析评价。

关键词：智能交通系统；先进的公共交通系统；系统评价

英文摘要

Abstract

Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) is one main part of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) focuses on developing innovative transit solutions to increase schedule adherence, operational efficiency, and quality of service; to reduce travel times and operating, training, and maintenance costs; and to improve driver and passenger safety. By making transit more reliable and easier to use, transit becomes a more attractive transportation option. The study of APTS Evaluations of national cities in China is innovative, since the public transportation of national cities in China is special and different from cities of other countries.

At first, based on the international concept of APTS, this paper gave the concept, user service, system structure, function requirement, evaluation process, and evaluation contents. The paper discussed the status of APTS study.

Then, based on economic theory, evaluation of consumer benefits were made. The paper analyzed affect of public service level on transit alternatives, analyzed adjustability of APTS and developing level of a city. The paper forecast increasing of public proportion based on model of traffic characteristic to evaluate the consumer benefits. The paper evaluated corporation benefits using information economic theory.

Then, the paper studied on scheduling in minimum waiting time of public transfer, and gave real-time dispatching strategies using analytical model. The paper analyzed the benefits of scheduling in minimum waiting time public transfer. Finally, based on the theory of systems engineering, the evaluation architecture of APTS is presented, and a fuzzy synthesis evaluation method of APTS is presented bases on the theory of fuzzy mathematics.

Key words:Intelligent Transportation System (ITS); Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS); System evaluation.

吴志周

入学时间：2001年

答辩时间：2004年

论文题目：先进的出行者信息系统评价方法研究

中文摘要

摘要

先进的出行者信息系统通过整合各种交通信息资源，并充分应用先进的通信技术和发布手段向出行者提供各类出行信息，帮助出行者完成出行前、出行中的决策，从而达到节约出行时间、缓解交通拥堵的目的，其效益已从理论和实践中得到了验证。但综观国内外ATIS的评价可以发现，绝大多数研究都局限在微观层面对ATIS进行评价。此外，由于国外ATIS发展应用较早，已形成许多具体的应用系统，许多评价也正是针对这些物理系统展开的。对于我们国家而言，由于ATIS的新颖性及其复杂性，很难找到已建ATIS系统可以提供参考的经验，因此如何对ATIS项目的实施效果进行评估，成为目前开展ATIS规划与建设急需解决的难题。

本论文从中宏观的角度出发，应用技术经济理论、可靠性理论、费用效益理论、行为理论等，结合ATIS的特点对ATIS项目的评价方法进行系统、深入的研究，给出了ATIS项目评价的完整方法体系。

本文首先对国内外现有ATIS的项目评价方法和技术综合比较分析研究。特别是研究分析欧盟、北美及日本等国家和地区关于ATIS项目的评价技术、方法及已有的评价结果。

在借鉴国内外成功经验的基础上， 结合中国ITS项目发展的特点和现状，建立了ATIS评价的框架体系；并在建立ATIS指标体系原则的指导下，结合ATIS评价的具体内容和特点，建立了ATIS评价的指标体系。此外，为了能综合评价项目的优劣，研究从ATIS系统的组成部分、评价对象及经济学角度出发，建立了ATIS综合评价的指标体系。

结合评价指标体系，从ATIS具体实施方案所需投入的费用和可能产生的效益入手，深入探讨了ATIS费用效益评价方法，在费用评价方面，确定了ATIS费用评价的框架，并以VMS交通系统为例，给出了评价的基本参数。在效益评价方面，提出了ATIS效益评价的重点，并在通用效益评价模型的基础上，给出了效益评价的基本参数，进而对ATIS节约时间效益、管理效益及交通安全方面的效益方法进行了深入探讨。在技术评价方面，本研究主要从系统的可靠性、稳定性、出行时间预测的准确性以及在ATIS系统中占重要作用的数据融合技术等方面进行深入探讨，并给出了相应的评价方法和框架。

为了科学的评价ATIS项目带来的效益，建立具有较高实用性的出行者信息系统，作为基础研究，分析明确信息提供下的路径选择行为，是不可或缺的研究内容，本研究在初步分析交通行为基本模式的基础上，对出行者路径的选择行为及存在的问题进行了分析，并给出了ATIS作用下出行者行为研究的方法。此外，本研究还在分析ATIS信息层次的基础上，提出了考虑信息内容的出行者交通行为模型的建立方法。

最后，在全文研究成果的基础上，开发了相应的评价软件，并对上海市外环线浦西段交通监控诱导系统进行了评价，验证了本次研究成果的科学性和实用性。

关键词：智能交通系统 先进的出行者信息系统 项目评价 技术评价

费用/效益评价 指标体系 系统可靠性 数据融合 出行者行为

英文摘要

Abstract

Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) can provide travelers travel information to help them make pre-trip and en-route decisions so as to save travel time and release traffic congestion, its benefits have been proved by theoretic research and application cases. But most of the research on ATIS evaluation is confined in the micro level. Furthermore, as the developed countries introduced the ATIS concept early, there have been lots of concrete applications; some evaluations can depend on the field test results. But to our country, it’s difficult to find the referenced systems to evaluate its effects. So it’s urgent to develop the ATIS evaluation methods to serve the needs of ATIS planning and construction.

In the macro view and combined with ATIS characteristics, the intact evaluation methods system was put forward in this paper, based on the technical economy theory, reliability theory, cost/benefit theory and behavior theory etc.

Upon the experiences of developed countries and the characteristics of ITS projects in our country, the architecture of ATIS evaluation was constituted. Then the indices system of ATIS evaluation was put forward,includingthe cost,benefic,technical and integrated indices.

Under the guidance of indices system, the methods of how to evaluate the cost and benefit of ATIS projects were expounded in detail. On the aspect of cost evaluation, the evaluation frame was given, then using the VMS to present the basic parameters required. On the aspect of benefit evaluation, the emphasis of ATIS benefit was given first; then based on the general evaluation model, the basic parameters were listed. The methods of how to evaluate time saving benefit, management benefit and traffic safety benefit were discussed at length. On the aspect of technical evaluation, evaluation methods on these indices were given, including system reliability, the accuracy of travel time prediction, data fusion in ATIS and so on.

As the basic research in designing effective ATIS and evaluation of its benefits, the traveler behavior is an important issue that needs high attention. On the basis of research of travel behavior modes, the route choice behavior and its problems were analyzed in detail, and the research method was given too. Furthermore, the route choice model under different message contents was established based on the classification of ATIS information levels.

Finally, upon the main achievements the evaluating software was developed. The application of the Shanghai expressway Traffic Control and Guidance system proved the practicability and reasonalility of the research in the end.

Key Words: Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)Project Evaluation

Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) Cost/Benefit EvaluationTechnical Evaluation Indices System System ReliabilityData Fusion Traveler Behavior

云美萍

入学时间：2001年

答辩时间：2004年

论文题目：先进交通管理系统（ATMS）交通效益评价方法研究

中文摘要

摘要

随着智能交通系统（ITS）理论研究与产业化应用日益发展，研究人员、决策者、管理者及投资者对ITS评价理论广为关注。先进交通管理系统（ATMS）是ITS的重要应用领域，已成为各国交通管理发展的必然趋势，因此研究ATMS评价方法具有重要的理论意义和实际价值。

论文比较系统地研究了ATMS的交通效益评价方法。以往ATMS交通效益评价研究多是项目导向型的效益分析，缺乏理论支撑，也尚未解析效益影响机理。论文对交通控制系统（UTC）、路径导行系统（RGS）和事故管理系统（IMS）等ATMS关键子系统的交通效益评价进行了研究，并对ATMS系统集成机理予以解析。

（1）分析了影响UTC效益的因素，提出以评价范围为导引的UTC评价方法，建立了UTC的点评价、线评价及面评价指标，给出了各项评价指标的确定方法，所建立的UTC评价指标对非机动车和行人的利益给予充分关注。采用模糊聚类方法对各指标进行关联性分析，有效避免了效益重复累计现象。以国家ITS试验城杭州市为背景，对评价方法进行了实际应用，对杭州市SCATS系统实施前的原有控制系统交通效益进行了综合评价，分析了SCATS系统的优先实施次序。

（2）分析了路网饱和度对RGS交通效益影响机理，论述了诱导策略、诱导率及RGS实施目标等因素对其交通效益发挥的影响，兼顾受导用户、非受导用户及管理者三方效益，提出基于安全、效率、舒适性及环保等目标进行RGS交通效益评价的策略，建立了相应的评价指标体系，给出了各项评价指标的确定方法。从模型分析与仿真评价两方面设计了RGS评价算法。

（3）从交通效益与相关技术评价两方面建立了IMS评价指标体系。鉴于以往研究忽略了对IMS相关算法的考虑，论文重构了多机构合作下的路网分区模型，并应用模型分析方法，比较了重构模型较之原模型的交通效益发挥。

（4）阐释了ATMS的集成机理，分析了引入导行系统后的控制策略，异常事故下的导行策略，以及异常事故下的控制策略等。应用系统动力学方法及Vensim软件构筑了ATMS集成中关键影响因素的流图，采用模糊分值初步构建了定量分析模型，为ATMS系统集成机理解析提供了新的思路，并对系统集成后的交通效益评价提出了构想。

关键词

先进交通管理系统(ATMS) 交通控制 路径导行 事故管理 交通效益

评价指标 评价方法 集成 仿真 试验

英文摘要

Abstract

With rapid development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) both in theoretical and implementation, attentions on how to evaluate the benefits of ITS from researchers, decision-makers, government, and investors have been paid much more than ever. Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) is one of the most important application fields of ITS, which is also the direction of urban traffic management. Then, study on evaluation methods of ATMS becomes pressing.

This dissertation focuses on evaluation of traffic benefits of ATMS. Compared to most relevant research, which belongs to project-oriented benefits analysis, and usually lack of analysis on performance mechanism, this dissertation studies traffic benefits of main ATMS subsystems, including Urban Traffic Control system (UTC), Route Guidance System (RGS), and Incident Management System (IMS). Besides, integration mechanism of ATMS is analyzed.

(1) Factors impacting UTC traffic benefits are analyzed. Evaluation Measures of Effectiveness (MOE) of isolated intersection, road links, and road networks are all presented, which is respectively corresponding to different control strategies. Then formulas of these evaluation MOEs are deduced. Specially, bicycles and pedestrians are taken into account in the evaluation. Correlation among evaluation MOEs are discussed by adopting fuzzy clustering method, which is important in ensuring objectivity during evaluating. The methodology is applied to the city of Hangzhou where SCATS traffic signal control will soon be implemented.

(2) Mechanism of traffic benefits of RGS is analyzed, impacting factors such as guidance strategy, guidance percentage, implement object, and road network saturate are described in detail. Evaluation MOEs considering safety, efficiency, comfort, and environment are put forward, which are concluded from the views of RGS users, non-RGS users, and administrators. Formulas of all evaluation MOEs are provided. Primary implementation design is built both in model analysis and simulation.

(3) Evaluation MOEs are constructed with consideration of traffic benefits and relevant technology. While most other achievements neglect taking relevant models of IMS into account, this dissertation rebuilds road networks subarea districting model in IMS and compares its traffic benefits with former model using model analysis.

(4) Mechanism on ATMS integration is explained from three aspects: control strategy under route guidance, route guidance strategy under incidents, and control strategy under incidents. By using system dynamics method and Vensim software, flow chart of ATMS main impacting factors are put out, and primary quantitative model are built using fuzzy values, which is a new way to explain ATMS integration. Finally, main traffic benefits of integration are provided.

Key Words

Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) Urban Traffic Control (UTC)

Route Guidance Systems (RGS) Incident Management Systems (IMS) Traffic benefits

Evaluation methods Integration Simulation Field Test

龙科军

入学时间：2001年

答辩时间：2005年

论文题目：城市立体交叉交通规划与设计基础问题研究

中文摘要

摘要

立体交叉（简称为立交）作为一种交通设施，是道路交叉的一种特殊形式，实践证明，立交方案的优劣将影响整个路网的交通效率。目前，在我国，基于交通层面的立交规划与设计理论还比较缺乏。随着我国城市交通压力进一步增大，交通基础设施的新一轮扩建，尽快开展城市立交的交通特性研究、完善城市立交规划和设计理论体系无疑具有非常重要的理论意义和实际价值。

论文总结了国内外立交研究发展现状，指出了目前立交规划和设计中存在的问题和不足，为论文研究指明了方向；从通行能力、事故率特性两个方面对立交的交通特性进行了探讨；基于独立交叉口和路网两个层面对立交的设置条件进行了研究；以多指标决策为理论基础，构筑了立交选型的多指标决策模型框架。论文主要内容包括：

（1）总结了立交基本组成单元及其交通特性，建立了立交系统综合通行能力的非线性规划模型，以部分苜蓿叶立交为例，对立交综合通行能力模型进行深入研究。

（2）以上海市高架道路事故数据为背景，对其中5座立交的事故特性进行了分析，总结了立交事故的基本特性。

（3）归纳了立交设置必要性论证的基本流程及关键技术，分别从独立交叉口层面和路网层面开展立交设置条件研究。从临界延误和成本效益两方面讨论了独立交叉口设置立交的交通条件；路网层面，针对不同节点位置、不同路网管理模式，采用成本效益理论对设置立交的交通条件进行了深入探讨。

（4）以多指标决策为理论基础，建立了立交选型的不完全指标偏好信息条件下多指标决策理论模型，重点对立交的可行方案和备选方案进行分析。

关键词：立交系统， 立交选型， 立交设置条件， 优化， 非线性规划，时空资源

通行能力， 多指标决策， 不完全偏好信息， 路网， 成本效益分析

英文摘要

ABSTRACT

Interchange is one method of road intersecting. As proved by many facts, interchanges can affect the efficiency of the whole road network. However, in this time, theory of interchange planning and designing was too weak in China, especially research on traffic planning and traffic design was very scarce. With the increasing of traffic pressure in our urban cities and the newly interchange construction, to carry out the research on interchange traffic characteristic and on the theory system of interchange planning and design is more than valuable to theory and practice.

This dissertation summarized the status in quo of interchange research around the world, pointed out the deficiency and problem among the past researches, and designated the direction of studying in this paper. From the aspects of capacity and accident of interchange, this thesis discussed the characteristic of interchanges. Based on the two lay of isolated intersection and network, this discourse probed the warrants for interchange in the urban area. In last, it analyzed the theoretical method for selecting the optimal interchange configurations. The research can be summarized as follow:

(1) Established nonlinear programming model for interchange system capacity. Taking the partial cloverleaf interchange as an example, discussed the interchange capacity in depth.

(2) Based on the accident data of Shanghai elevated road system, adopted the accident data of the five interchanges, the paper analyzed the interchange accident characteristic.

(3) From two aspects of isolated intersection and network, studied the interchange warrants. For isolated intersection, the research divided into two cases: one is confined by land use, the other is not constrained by land use. For the network, the paper classified the network in two types: coordinating controlling network and non-coordinating controlling network, and partitioned nodes in the network in two types: boundary nodes and interior nodes, finally, analyzed the interchange warrants for all of these cases.

(4) Based on Multiple Attribute Decision Making theory, it set up the theoretical model for optimal interchange configuration selection, and discussed the method to select the feasible scenarios and comparing scenarios.

Keywords：Interchange System; Interchange configuration selection；Warrants for interchange; Optimization; Nonlinear Programming Model; Time and Space Resource; Capacity; Multiple attribute decision making (MADM); Incomplete preference information; Network; Cost-Benefit Analysis

张汝华

入学时间：2001年

答辩时间：2005年

论文题目：高速道路交通流信息采集与处理理论及方法研究

中文摘要：

摘要

城市快速路与城际高速公路在我国的发展方兴未艾，尤其在交通需求迅猛增长和ITS快速发展的背景下，高速道路的管理、规划、设计和建设越来越依赖于先进的交通流信息采集与处理系统。

本论文按照高速道路基础交通流信息采集与处理的要求，针对交通信息采集方式、交通流信息需求及模式、交通检测点布设的理论和方法、高速公路中收费系统AVI数据的综合利用及相关的信息处理问题进行了深入的研究，取得了以下研究成果。

（1）基础交通流信息需求及描述模式研究。论文分析了交通流信息需求的特性，包括对象性、层次性、微观性及宏观性，在此基础上，针对固定式交通检测方式与高速公路收费系统AVI（自动车辆识别）信息采集方式，给出了微观与宏观交通流信息的完整描述及相应的处理方法，部分成果可作为ITS实施中信息采集与处理系统建设标准的参考。

（2）交通流检测点布设理论与方法研究。提出了信号采样理论用于确定检测点间距的理论和方法，是对检测点分布问题的理想表述，为交通流时空状态的研究和监测提供了理论技术支撑；论文同时完善了波动理论、提出了时空单元法用于确定检测点间距的理论与方法，分析了上述各种方法的适用性和综合运用原则，可望最终解决困扰理论界和工程界关于交通检测点布设间距的问题。

（3）高速公路收费系统AVI数据的系统性研究与应用。论文系统地提出了基于收费系统AVI数据估计交通流状态、行程时间、OD信息的概念、方法和流程，对我国高速公路信息化与智能化建设具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。

（4）交通信息融合问题分析研究。分析了交通信息的多源性、冗余性、异构性、采集系统及信息质量的差异性，探讨了信息融合的理论方法、技术特点及系统框架，为交通信息融合理论的深入研究应用奠定了基础。

关键词：高速道路交通流，信息采集与处理，固定式检测，AVI，微观与宏观交通流信息，检测点间距，采样定理，波动理论，时空单元，收费系统，交通流状态，行程时间，OD信息，信息融合

英文摘要

Abstract

With the rapid growth of traffic demand and rapid development of ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) in our country, expressway and urban expressway also grow rapidly. The traffic flow information collection and processing become more and more important for the road planning, design, construction, management, control and information service than ever.

This dissertation studies the basic traffic information requirements and its description models, traffic information collection methods, traffic detector spacing theories and methods, expressway toll collection system data mining and utilizing, and achieves the following original results.

1) The basic traffic flow information requirements and its description models. This dissertation analyzes the characteristics of the basic traffic flow information requirements, including object-oriented, level-oriented, microscopic and macroscopic. Based on which, the description models and processing methods are put forward for the fixed detection data and expressway toll collection system data. Some of the results can guide the traffic information collection and processing system and its standardization construction.

2) The fixed traffic detector spacing theories and methods. Put forward the use of signal sampling theory in determining the detector spacing, which is the excellent presentation for detector spacing, and will benefit to traffic flow tempo-spatial condition monitoring. The waving theory is improved and the tempo-spatial unit method proposed to deal with detector spacing. This dissertation also analyzes the adaptation of each detector spacing method and their integrated application principals. All the work could be expected to solve the detector spacing issue finally.

3) Comprehensive studies and exploitation of expressway toll collection system data. Bring forward the related concepts, processing methods and procedures for estimation of expressway condition parameters, travel time, dynamic OD based on expressway toll system data, which are significant to the expressway informatization and intelligentization construction in our country.

4) Studies on traffic information fusion. This dissertation analyses the features of traffic information, including multi-source, heterogeneity, redundancy, difference of information collection systems and information quality, probes into the theories, methods, technical features and system architecture of information fusion, which are the basis of further research and development of traffic information fusion.

Key Words:Expressway Traffic Flow, information collection and processing, Fixed Detection, AVI, Microscopic and Macroscopic Traffic flow, Detector Spacing, Sampling Theory, Waving Theory, Tempo-spatial Unit, Toll Collection System, Traffic Flow Condition, Travel Time, OD, Information Fusion